You still have to project your secondary data onto the proper range. ggplot2, rstudio. Modified 5 years, 8 months ago. by default multipled by 0. Improve this question. #' inputs before using it with a geom that requires discrete positions. And yes, an exponential function will look like a straight line on a logarithmic plot, that is kind of the whole purpose of it. 5g", x)}. (I know this is somewhat abstract; see the below code to get a better. scale_x_discrete 函数的另一个有用功能是从 x 轴消除一些元素并仅绘制其中的少数元素。 在这种情况下，我们使用 PlantGrowth 数据集，其中列出了三类组。 因此，我们可以输出只有 trt2 和 trt1 组的箱线图，如下面的代码片段所示。Option F: Automatically add line breaks. The x and y parameters can be modified using these. 0. Since the boxplot is base on percentiles, you can set values that are equal to 0 into a near-zero value, so the percentile is well calculated. In ggplot2 you can specify formats in 2 ways. On my ggplot (see below), I was expecting scale_y_continuous(breaks=(seq(0, 90, 10))) to set y between 0 and 90 and spaced every 10. Part of R Language Collective. You give it a way to find the appropriate panel cond == "C" and give it a different label function than the default scale. This is the basic boxplot that we will work with, using the built-in PlantGrowth data set. line. We can use the R Package scales to format with dollar symbol. 2f", x) #Plot library (ggplot2) p <- ggplot (mpg, aes (displ, cty)) + geom_point () p <- p. 10. Normally scale_y_continuous(expand =. 05). If it is logical, the TRUE means the default of ggplot2 (foregoing statement), and FALSE means no expand for the plot. scale_y_reverse (**kwargs) Continuous y position reverse transformed scale. New replies are no longer allowed. I can either trans = l / 1000 or paste0 (l, "K") but if I try. The defaults are to expand the scale by 5% on each side for continuous variables, and by 0. This is what allows jittering to work. 2. The plots in this section use the surface of a 2d density estimate of the faithful dataset, 35 which records the waiting time between eruptions and during each eruption for the Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone Park. It is possible to override this default using transformations. Except for the trans argument any of the arguments can be set to derive () which would result in the secondary axis inheriting the settings from the primary axis. Follow edited Oct 8, 2018 at 3:23. 5% and because I want to show them side by side to show a bigger difference I would like to have the same 13% scale on both, but how can I change that for scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent)? 6. I'm using : scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::unit_format("k", 1e-3)) but displays as a whole number. ; Along its y-axis: -log10(adj_p_val) i. 3, scale_y_continuous (expand = expansion (mult = c (0, . Not only that, but even when specifying scale_y_continuous(breaks = scales::pretty_breaks(n = 5)) I don't get the same number of tick in both y axis: Hope at least somebody can set me on the right track, in case this is fixable. how to display data that begins outside the Scale Limit. 4, by=0. 1, date and datetime scales have limited secondary axis capabilities. We can create a custom labeler that uses the minimum big value (or any other) as a threshold. 0. The simplest way is to use the scales package, which provides some easy-to-use formatting functions, such as percent and percent_format. I am creating a box plot in which I have used scale_x_reordered () after adjusting the order of factors on the x axis. Continuous colour scales. I want to do this inside a ggplot: scale_y_continuous (labels = function (l) { trans = l / 1000, paste0 (l, "K") }) If I add either of the two commands alone, it works, i. I also show that you can include HTML in the tooltip text, so I've made the. scale_x_continuous() and scale_y_continuous() are the default scales for continuous x and y aesthetics. translate = FALSE. right = element_line (color = "red"), axis. As long as you can think of a transformation and it's inverse you could probably do this with secondary axes (not to be confused with 'you should do this'). Your Answer Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Please be sure to answer the question. Scale Types. I would like to plot ONLY y-axis1 DATA (left axis, Var1, dotted line) as a log10 scale. You can set the number of breaks in this function, and make the number of minor_breaks a integer multiple of the number of breaks. We need dig. A scaling factor: x will be multiplied by scale before formatting. The scales scale_colour_binned() and scale_fill_binned() are equivalent scale functions that assign discrete color bins to the continuous values. You can combine coord_cartesian () and scale_y_continuous () in one plot, just remove limits=c (-1,1) from scale function. 8, "1. First, I've replicated an example of the graph run-off you were describing by setting the sample size to 50 and standard deviation to 0. axis is: scale_y_continuous (sec. 2. This is cumbersome to type,. 05)) to the plot. In this R tutorial you’ll learn how to set the axis labels of a barchart in percentage points. Responses included code but the post sparked a conversation around why this can be misleading. ggplot2: change break points of discrete scale to be between two break points. Set the y axis label: m + scale_y_continuous(name = "number of votes") Let's relabel the axes to be in 10,000. 2)) # the order of expand_limits and scale_y_continuous # does not change the outputPosit Community. with the limits, breaks, and labels arguments), but sometimes you will need additional control over guide appearance. This works perfectly! But now, I want to categorise the items in the histogram, as follows: ggplot (contig_len, aes (x = Length, fill = Prevalence)) + geom_histogram (binwidth=200, alpha=0. 5. this is helpful, however, the scale from the scale_y_continuous function is applied across all boxplots. I changed your first y scale name to correct that. ie, since the y-axis is transformed using ~. scale_y_continuous (breaks = seq (-100, 100, 2), labels = abs (seq (-100, 100, 2))). Z. What am I doing wrong here? r; ggplot2; Share. # Show colorbar guide for colour. 5), limits = c(0, 1. This is always scales::rescale (), except for diverging and n colour gradients (i. ) where: breaks: A numeric vector of positions for breaks on the y-axis See moreLearn how to customize position scales for continuous data (x and y) using scale_x_continuous and scale_y_continuous functions. Update the y-axis to show the new scale. 2k 6 6 gold badges 54 54 silver badges 94 94 bronze badges. Observe que desenhamos dois gráficos para comparação visual com a função grid. Powered by. Francesco1 August 13, 2021, 1:27pm #1. As the title suggests, I would like to put the frequency of each level in the x-axis ticks with their corresponding label. In the simplest case they map linearly from the data. Now I try to transform the Y axis according to the distribution used. Unlike continuous scales, discrete scales can easily show missing values, and do so by default. How to set the coordinate limits when x and y scales are very different? 1. ~ . comes up with error: Error: Discrete value supplied to continuous scale. axis= argument is for the second y scale. Share. The x- and y-axis scales allow us to alter the axis titles, limits, breaks (at which values the ticks are labeled), and tick mark labels. However, to reply to your question and get your scale starting at 1 instead of 0, you need to change scale_y_continuous by this: scale_y_continuous (name="Rating", breaks=1:7, limits=c (0, 7)) Does it answer your. Hi there, I need some help. As a consequence, the rectangles can't be drawn. dup_axis is provide as a shorthand for creating a secondary axis that is a duplication of the primary axis. However, sometimes it may be preferable to adjust only one side of an axis and keep the default value for the other side. arrange. Instead, sometimes you would like to have the y-axis with dollars. Then I try to use the same exact argument with an area plot and it screws the plot up in a. A google search turned up this which didnt deal with exactly my problem:Arbitrary function scales# Users can define a full scale class and pass that to set_xscale and set_yscale (see Custom scale). This function does have a pitfall, however, of not preserving the actual exponential values, and it is quite. As a consequence, the rectangles can't be drawn. frame like this, but I find it hard to specify the breaks in scale_y_discrete inside the dplyr pipeline. Stack Overflow Public questions & answers; Stack Overflow for Teams Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers; Talent Build your employer brand ; Advertising Reach developers & technologists worldwide; Labs The future of collective knowledge sharing; About the companyThe first argument (name=) of scale_y_continuous is for the first y scale, where as the sec. Improve this answer. the labels are placed at integer positions). Yesterday, I talked about scale_x_date and scale_x_discrete. 1 Answer. 3. 6) for discrete variables. But that reminded me you can just specify the transformation with the trans argument, so a simpler solution than what I originally provided is available. In a plot, constructed with the use of ggplot2 package, for example, such one: ggplot (cars, aes (x = speed, y = dist))+geom_col () the axes can be transformed by applying appropriate directives. Just do fivenum() on the data to extract what, IIRC, is used for the upper and lower hinges on boxplots and use that output in the scale_y_continuous() call that @Ritchie showed. Now the column is of a class date. The truncated look of the axis can be replicated with ggh4x::axis_truncated () (disclaimer, I'm the author of that function). expand = expand_scale (mult = c (<some number>, <some number>)) From ?expand_scale, we can see the full set of default parameters for the function is this: expand_scale (mult = 0, add = 0) Where both mult & add can have length 1 (same value applied to lower / upper limits) or length 2 (first value applies to lower limit, second to. Details. . right = element_line (color = "red")) Maybe there is a. How can I set the limits of the secondary axis?Thanks to the comment below, this can be done by using latest dev. They take the following arguments: name; limits; breaks; labels; position; Let us continue with the scatter plot we have used in previous chapter. Guides are mostly controlled via the scale (e. When asking a second question: Instead of pasting the answer in your post simply put a link to the first question/answer in the post. Note in scales version 1. New to Plotly? Plotly is a free and open-source graphing library for R. Depending on whether one wants to modify the x or the y axis scale_x_* or scale_y_*. I can do this manually with + scale_y_continuous(limits = c(a,b)) where I set the appropriate values for a and b, however, I have a lot of different dataframes with different temperature ranges. 2, 10, 32, 100), limits=c (0,100)), I get this: ibb. scale_x_continuous () and scale_y_continuous () are the default scales for continuous x and y aesthetics. Example: Here, in this example, we have set y-axis limits to make the plot more uniform. There's a couple of things, the scale displays numbers that area a proportion as a percentage, so there's no need to multiply by 100. Provide details and share your research!このメソッドは、options() を使用してデフォルト設定を決定します。 ここで、ggplot2. , scale_colour_gradient2 () , scale_colour_gradientn () ). Good luck! Share. In the scale_y_continuou () function there is an argument sec. p <- ggplot (mtcars, aes (cyl, mpg)) + geom_point () p <- p + scale_y_continuous (sec. Dec 13, 2018 at 5:22. + hms::hms(days = 8), or ~ . 4. scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, NA. 4. . Your options are 'fixed' (default), 'free_x', 'free_y', or 'free' for both. We often put these types of data on the x-axis, while the y-axis is frequently used for counts. 0), breaks = seq (0, 1, . This means they may only be transformed via addition or subtraction, e. A short cut for this is to use the 'function' scale, and pass as extra arguments a forward and an inverse function. It takes as. 3. When working with continuous data, the default is to map linearly from the data space onto the aesthetic space. #' example is using `scale_x_binned ()` with. scale_y_sqrt (**kwargs) Continuous y position sqrt transformed scale. # All these. See examples of different values for the argument trans, such as log2, log10, sqrt, and reverse. Goal: change labels on my y axis on a bar plot from e. I was a labelled point on the y axis above the top of my data, ie to expand my limits to include the break above. For example, +scale_y_continuous (trans="reverse") draws the coordinate axis from top towards bottom, and scale_y_continuous (trans="sqrt") makes. For changing x or y axis limits without dropping data observations, see coord. don't provide any label text. base + scale_y_continuous (breaks = NULL) base + scale_y_continuous (labels = NULL) 10. Hi guys! Really struggling with this one and it feels like a small mistake but can't figure it out. 1. Example 1: Modify Minor Grid Lines on X-Axis of ggplot2 Plot. e. A date-time value will create a continuous date/time scale. Using scale_y_continuous & scale_y_reverse concurrently. Please test code you give us. Data visualization in the tidyverse revolves around three concepts:. scale_y_continuous() followed by scale_y_reverse(), the first scale is overridden. 2 Adding Points to a Line Graph. 5. I'm creating a facetted plot to view predicted vs. since it's a separate parameter to scale_y_continuous which is really just a call to continuous_scale. The exponential constant e is positive, and y is just an exponent. Ask Question Asked 5 years, 8 months ago. You can move this threshold to 1e-5 with the labeller function prettyNum0 <- function(x){sprintf("%. e. 23-27) is too small to effectively use a log scale. excluding any data points outside that range), whereas coord_cartesian changes the plotting range after any calculations. ) and as a function labels = percent. #' `scale_x_binned ()` and `scale_y_binned ()` are scales that discretize. Compare the following two plots: If you'd like to keep the upper extent of the scale "unchanged" from what ggplot would have calculated by default, AND eliminate the padding on the lower bound so the plot area starts at exactly 0, as of ggplot2 v3. A numeric value will create a continuous scale. The easiest and quickest and nicest way to fix these long labels, though, is to use the label_wrap () function from the scales package. The defaults are to expand the scale by 5% on each side for continuous variables. Note: The transformation -log10(adj_p_val) allows points on the plot to project upwards as the fold change increases or decreases. 0. When I try: scale_y_continuous (labels = scales::percent) I get for my 100 --> 10000% instead of 100%. As of v3. The expansion vectors. If you have a 'rule' for the y-axis breaks/limits you can provide a function to these arguments of the scale, which will evaluate that function for every facet. Improve this answer. 1. Adding another scale for 'y', which will #> replace the existing scale. If you want to control the range of the x data, and the number of breaks, put both inside scale_x_continuous. The first set of scales we will discuss correspond to plot position and axes. . Variable data is continuous data, this means that the data values can be any real number like 2. fill は continuous カラースケールのデフォルト値です。 scale_fill_continuous メソッドの引数は、Viridis または gradient にすることができます。 この方法の例を試してみましょう。 まず、ggplot2 パッケージを. R ggplot2 scale_y_continuous : Combining breaks & limits. – r2evans. 15 axis label scales. 5 , 30. The function is part of the ggplot2 package, and it’s mostly used with ggplot objects to modify different parameters for graphs to be drawn. We recommend you read our Getting Started guide for the latest installation or upgrade instructions, then move. Aug 27, 2021 at 20:19 @Jon Spring coord_cartesian works. labels of datetime axis, just like using the date_breaks and date_labels argument in scale. The inverse of scaling, making guides (legends and axes) that can be used to read the graph, is often even harder! The scales packages provides the internal scaling infrastructure used by ggplot2, and gives you tools. + scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) Or, to specify formatting parameters for the percent: + scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 1)) (the command labels = percent is obsolete since version 2. You can use the scale_x_continuous() function in ggplot2 to customize the x-axis of a given plot. 7 Transformations. 2. The points in the two datasets will be in different colors in order to distinguish the two scales. Como alternativa, podemos remover totalmente os rótulos no eixo y usando a função scale_y_continuous. If you don't want to load the package, use: scale_y_continuous(name="Fluorescent intensity/arbitrary units", labels = scales::comma) So scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(5. Measured data is. So I know that works fine. Thank you for your help. An other possibility is the function scale_x_log10() and scale_y_log10(), which transform, respectively, the x and y axis. I am now trying to change the label of one factor. The idea is to increase at least +1 to the maximum value of the plot with the highest y-axis value (in the case explained above, it would be the second boxplot with n=8) I have tried to change the y-axis with scale_y_continuous like this: p <- p + scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 5. ). The functions scale_x_continuous() and scale_y_continuous() are used to customize continuous x and y axis, respectively. Add the dual axis. Basic. As long on the y-axis timedelta64 [ns] is used scaling did not work. scale_y_discrete A handy way to supply some sample data is the dput() function. This means that if a scale attribute is modified in one call to scale_x_continuous(), a second call to scale_x_continuous() will write over all changes made in the first. , scale_colour_gradient2 () ,. )/sum (. Great thank you, used - scale_y_continuous(trans='log10',breaks = scales::pretty_breaks(4)) – Grace. 下面是一个使用scale_y_continuous()函数绘制的带有Y轴断点的ggplot2散点图。这个函数有一个break参数，它接受一个向量作为输入，这个向量有所有y轴断点的向量点。因此，在这里我们可以手动设置坐标轴断裂点到图中。I am trying to reproduce a sparkline with ggplot2 like the one at the bottom of this image:. get_breaks. , date, continuous, discrete). Instead of changing the data (mutate(y = y / 10^6)), the scale argument can be used to do conversion on the fly : scale_y_continuous(labels = unit_format(unit = "M", scale = 1e-6)) – bug313. position. Everything works fine except that I can't figure out how to round the numbers used in the data labels. 5. percent_format() and percent() multiply values by one hundred and display percent sign. + coord_sf(expand = F) + scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(33. values contains scale-specific arguments, limits specifies the range of values to include in mappings, breaks specifies the breaks to use in legend/axis, and name and labels specify the title and labels to use in the. labels = c ("30 %", "40 %",. I train the model with 85% of the data, test on the remaining 15%, and repeat this 5 times, collecting actual/predicted values each time. limit,upper. In my eyes, the ideal solution is for the ggplot2 developers to add an argument to scale_x_continuous or scale_y_continuous ggplot2 functions that takes a user-defined value for the number of unlabelled minor ticks the user would like to add to their plot axes, which then takes the vector supplied to the 'breaks' argument and determines 'major. Position scales are used to control the locations of visual entities in a plot, and how those locations are mapped to data values. Description. The simplest way is to use the scales package, which provides some easy-to-use formatting functions, such as percent and percent_format. The super class to use for the constructed scale. . Disclaimer: I'm the author of ggh4x. A couple thoughts: You can remove the empty edges of the plot like so: scale_y_continuous (expand = c (0,0)) If you want to try the log transformation, just do: scale_y_log10 () If you want to focus the window: scale_y_continuous (limits=c (-. 1. Comes up with error: Error: Discrete value supplied to continuous scale. However, we can use the scale_y_continuous() function to display breaks at every 10 values instead: #create scatterplot of x vs. y. comma_format() and comma() format numbers with commas separating thousands. FollowGuides: axes and legends. Value. 6 units on each side for discrete variables. from 100% on the left over 0% in the center to 100% on the right. 使用的函数是 scale_y_continuous( ) ，它是ggplot2库中 “y-aesthetics “的一个默认比例。由于我们需要在Y轴的标签中加入百分比，所以使用了关键词 “labels “。 现在使用 scales: : percent 将Y轴的标签转换成百分比。这将把Y轴的数据从十进制扩展到百分比。I have 40 groups (defined by short_ID) and would like to produce 40 different plots that use different y-scale breaks for each short_ID. It appears that the scale_y_continuous() command is switched off by ylim(). The dotted line would therefore look higher on the y-axis and differences between 1 and 2 would be noticeable. breaks and 2. scale_x_discrete () and scale_y_discrete () are used to set the values for discrete x and y scale aesthetics. Often you may want to convert the x-axis or y-axis scale of a ggplot2 plot into a log scale. R ggplot2 scale_y_continuous : Combining breaks & limits. I'm able to add thousands separators in "y" axis but I can't do it in the content area: This is the code that I use for "y" axis: scale_y_continuous(labels=function(x) format(x, big. You can use the following syntax to set the axis breaks for the y-axis and x-axis in ggplot2: #set breaks on y-axis scale_y_continuous (limits = c (0, 100), breaks =. g. 1 Answer. It only works with facets where scales are free. Learn how to use the scale_y_continuous function in ggplot2 to change the range of a continuous y axis. This is a shortcut for supplying the limits argument to the individual scales. So an example in ggplot might look like. If you want to remove missing values from a discrete scale, specify na. continuous. This will extend only the right end of your Y-axis by 10% (. The same thing happen with the secondary y-axis, the limits for the secondary-y axis goes from 40 000 to 240 000 with 40 000(increment of sequence) instead of going from 0 to 250 000 with 50 000(increment of sequence). You can also extend that end by a fixed amount: for instance, scale_y_continuous (expand = expansion (add = c (0, 5))) extends it by 5 units of space. EDIT: If you want to filter out the . If it helps, I used the following data for p1:Description. breaks, labels, limits,. 6, 0. 3, by = -. demo_discrete () for discrete axes. Instead i get no y-axis or tick marks. Puede usar uno de los siguientes dos métodos para hacerlo usando solo ggplot2: 1. 5. co/bD0g2c I also cannot. The labels argument is the one used to customize the labels, where you can input a vector with the new labels or a custom labeller function as in the example below. 0 "You Stupid Darkness" / RStudio 1. Sorted by: 10. If you want to treat them as discrete, convert to a factor. ggplot(dt,aes(x=XVal,y=YVal)) + geom_line(aes(color=Type)) + facet_wrap(~Grp,scales = "free_y", ncol = 2) + scale_y_continuous(breaks = my_breaks, labels = function(x){round(x,2)}) Notice, however that in Group C, the labels end up not making total sense, since both values for the breaks (0. . The ggh4x package has a few additional axes described further on. Rd. scales::percent(100, scale = 1) ## [1] "100%" 然而，scale_y_continuous()中的labels参数期望的是一个函数而非一个实际的标签值作为其输入，引起使用percent()不是一个好的选项。不过好在scales包也提供了另一个percent_format()函数，它可以返回一个已经更改过默认值的percent()函数。Some common formats are built into the scales package: x <- rnorm (10) * 100000 y <- seq (0, 1, length = 10) p <- qplot (x, y) library (scales) p + scale_y_continuous (labels = percent) p + scale_y_continuous (labels = dollar) p + scale_x_continuous (labels = comma) # qplot allows you to do some of this with a little less typing: # * axis. The same could be achieved by using, e. as you can see one subset goes up to 6% and the other goes up to 2%, on my original data the Y scale goes up to 13% and 3. R ggplot2 scale_y_continuous : Combining breaks & limits. It's because you are setting a discrete x scale but your x values are numeric. Looking at log_trans and reverse_trans in the scales package for guidance and inspiration, a. 25)). An other possibility is the function scale_x_log10 () and scale_y_log10 (), which transform, respectively, the x and y axis scales into a log scale: base 10 . The breaks argument can be a function returning breaks from the given data, so you can set up a function to give a sequence of set length between its min and max values. – Jon Spring. Force size aesthetic to scale to given breaks. # scale_y_continuous (labels = label_number (suffix = " K", scale = 1e-6)) # thousands. 6 units on each side for discrete variables. 0. the blank space among the. The ylim() function is equivalent to using the limits argument in scale_y_continuous(). This is a convenience function for generating scale expansion vectors for the expand argument of scale__continuous and scale__discrete. )). This answer is out of date for ggplot2 version 0. First, this simple code should yield the following figure: ggplot (data = mpg, aes (x = displ, y = hwy)) + geom_point () + scale_x_continuous (sec. Here is a reproducible example: Here is a reproducible example:I know that I can use scale_y_continuous(limit=c(0,30)) but since I've already reversed my axis, and would like to keep it that way, I am unable to also set the limits of the axis. Using the following code I get the result displayed at the end of the code. The numbers are already in % but without such symbols. + scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) The following example show how to use this syntax in practice. 1. I’ve tried several ways of introducing the “round” function into both steps 2 and steps 3 below, but I can’t get rid of these unnecessary decimals. x = element_text. Follow edited Jan 6, 2011 at 0:16. fortify () turns objects into tidy data frames: it has largely been superceded by the broom package. NOTE it's important to add 0 to the breaks to make it. To fix this problem, the expand argument within the scale_y_continuous section needs to be set to "c(0. Based on the first example, you should be able to understand how changes to font face. I am able to get a plot however when I add scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(0, 0. 1k?Change labels = scales::percent to lables = label_percent(accuracy = 5L) will get rid of rounds. Your bars starts at 0 point and therefore are removed because minimal y value is set higher. packages ("devtools") devtools::install_github ("tidyverse/ggplot2") library (ggplot2) p + theme ( axis. should hide the outliers. I have used the exact same code in other plots without having to use “round. You can set manually axis labels thanks to scale_<aes>_<type> functions : @TheThunderChimp you need to specify 'limits' as well in order to force them to be shown. Jblum Jblum. 6. lab = and then reformatting the y axis labels with str_replace_all from stringr. scale_x_continuous and scale_y_continuous are the default scales for continuous x and y aesthetics. (The code for the summarySE function must be entered before it is called here). This follows for all other places you define those limits. 28. When you use limits= inside the scale function, data are subsetted in that diapason. You can manually adjust the yscale with. ), i. sec_axis is used to create the specifications for a secondary axis. I have both continuous and discrete variables in my plot but the "x-axis" only contains a continuous variable. answered Jan. I tried the digits=0 first but got a warning that it is now deprecated and to use accuracy instead. 1 Answer. Setting the limits in each scale. scale_y_continuous (name, breaks, labels, limits, trans) The meaning of these elements goes as follows: name – Y or X axis label; breaks – controlling the breaks in your guide (e. The defaults are c (0. Mar 18, 2022 at 14:05. Here's an explanation: First, The breaks argument in scale_y_continuous() can take the form of a function of the plot's input data (x in this case) Second, seq(0, (max(x) + 1) * 1. The functions scale_x_continuous() and scale_y_continuous() are used to customize continuous x and y axis, respectively. However, as seen on the image below, y axis don't match. the log2-transformed fold change. This answer is out of date for ggplot2 version 0. g. We have changed the axis limits, and now we will proceed to our second step: change the breaks. For example, in the subtitle I have the total frequency of Question_3l. 1) First we make a sequence between 0 and the maximum value of the x-axis, plus some extra padding ((x+1)*1. By default, the y-axis shows breaks at 20, 40, 60, and 80. Here's an example with the diamonds dataset. Starting by defining the function to transform the axis, the definition of its inverse is also required. For continuous colour scales, the default legend takes the form of a “colour bar” displaying a continuous gradient of colours: base <- ggplot(mpg, aes(cyl, displ, colour = hwy)) + geom_point(size = 2) base.